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Jane Jacobs - Wikipedia. Jane Jacobs. OCOOnt. Jane Jacobs as chairperson of a Greenwich Village civic group at a 1. Born. Jane Butzner(1. May 4, 1. 91. 6Scranton, Pennsylvania, U. S. Died. April 2.

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Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Residence. Greenwich Village, New York City. The Annex, Toronto. Education. Graduated from Scranton High School; two years of undergraduate studies at Columbia University. Occupation. Journalist, author, urban theorist. Employer. Amerika, Architectural Forum.

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Organization. Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway, Stop Spadina Save Our City Coordinating Committee. Notable work. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Spouse(s)Robert Jacobs. Awards. OC, OOnt, Vincent Scully Prize, National Building Museum. Jane Jacobs. OCOOnt (born Jane Butzner; May 4, 1. April 2. 5, 2. 00. American- Canadianjournalist, author, and activist best known for her influence on urban studies.

Her influential book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1. The book also introduced sociological concepts such as .

She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through So. Ho and Little Italy, and was arrested in 1. After moving to Toronto in 1.

Spadina Expressway and the associated network of expressways in Toronto planned and under construction. As a mother and a writer who criticized experts in the male- dominated field of urban planning, Jacobs endured scorn from established figures. She did not have a college degree or any formal training in urban planning, and was criticized for lacking such credentials. Early years. They were a Protestant family in a heavily Roman Catholic town. After graduating from Scranton High School, she worked for a year as the unpaid assistant to the women's page editor at the Scranton Tribune. New York City. The sisters soon moved there from Brooklyn. These experiences, she later said, .

She sold articles to the Sunday Herald Tribune, Cue magazine, and Vogue. This was almost my undoing because after I had garnered, statistically, a certain number of credits I became the property of Barnard College at Columbia, and once I was the property of Barnard I had to take, it seemed, what Barnard wanted me to take, not what I wanted to learn. Fortunately my high- school marks had been so bad that Barnard decided I could not belong to it and I was therefore allowed to continue getting an education. A 1. 94. 3 article on economic decline in Scranton was well- publicized and led the Murray Corporation to locate a warplane factory there. Encouraged by this success, Butzner petitioned the War Production Board to support more operations in Scranton.

Butzner and Jacobs married in 1. Together they had two sons, James and Ned, and a daughter, Burgin. They bought a three- story building at 5.

Hudson St. Jane continued to write for Amerika after the war, while Robert left Grumman and resumed work as an architect. Jacobs was anti- communist, and had left the Federal Workers Union because of its apparent communist sympathies. Nevertheless, she was pro- union and purportedly appreciated the writing of Saul Alinsky; therefore she was under suspicion.

Snow, chairman of the Loyalty Security Board at the United States Department of State. In her foreword to her answer, she said: The other threat to the security of our tradition, I believe, lies at home. It is the current fear of radical ideas and of people who propound them. I do not agree with the extremists of either the left or the right, but I think they should be allowed to speak and to publish, both because they themselves have, and ought to have, rights, and once their rights are gone, the rights of the rest of us are hardly safe .

Although her editors expected a positive story, Jacobs criticized Bacon's project, reacting against the apparent lack of care shown for the poor African Americans who were directly affected. When Bacon showed Jacobs examples of undeveloped and developed blocks, she was upset to find that . Kirk came to the Architectural Forum offices to describe the impact that . She urged this audience to . Whyte invited Jacobs to write a piece for Fortune magazine. The resulting piece, .

Jackson, the publisher of Fortune, who demanded of Whyte over the phone: . Lynch's Image of the City. In 1. 96. 1, Random House published the product of her research: The Death and Life of Great American Cities. The Death and Life of Great American Cities remains one of the most influential books in the history of American city planning.

This led to angry responses from various rich and powerful men. Jacobs was criticized as a . Moses' plan, funded as . The plan forced 1.

Washington Square Village. In the face of community opposition, Moses shelved the project, but revived the idea in the 1. Moses argued that the 5th Avenue extension would improve the flow of traffic through the neighborhood and provide access to the planned Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX), which would connect the Manhattan Bridge and Williamsburg Bridge with the Holland Tunnel. Rubinow eventually took over the organization, changing its name to the “Joint Emergency Committee to Close Washington Square to Traffic.” Jacobs had joined the Committee under Hayes, but took a more prominent role under Rubinow, reaching out to media outlets such as the Village Voice, which provided more sympathetic coverage than did publications like the New York Times.

Whyte, as well as Carmine De Sapio, Greenwich Village resident and influential Democratic Leader. De Sapio's involvement proved decive. In the 1. 96. 0's, Jacobs chaired the Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway.

Papers such as The New York Times were sympathetic to Moses, while the newly created Village Voice covered community rallies and advocated against the expressway. After months of trials conducted in New York City (to which Jacobs commuted from Toronto), her charge was reduced to disorderly conduct. She and her husband chose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered employment opportunities. A frequent theme of her work was to ask whether we are building cities for people or for cars. She was arrested twice during demonstrations.

Lawrence neighborhood, a housing project regarded as a major success. She became a Canadian citizen in 1. James Howard Kunstler that dual citizenship was not possible at the time, implying that her US citizenship was lost.

Jacobs was an advocate of a Province of Toronto to separate the city proper from Ontario. The Community and Urban Sociology section of the American Sociological Association awarded her its Outstanding Lifetime Contribution award in 2. In 1. 99. 7, the City of Toronto sponsored a conference titled . At the end of the conference, the Jane Jacobs Prize was created. It includes an annual stipend of $5,0. She opposed the 1.

Metro Toronto, fearing that individual neighborhoods would have less power with the new structure. She backed an ecologist, Tooker Gomberg, who lost Toronto's 2.

David Miller's successful mayoral campaign in 2. During the mayoral campaign, Jacobs helped lobby against the construction of a bridge to join the city's waterfront to Toronto City Centre Airport (TCCA). TCCA did upgrade the ferry service and the airport is still in operation as of 2. Jacobs was also active in a fight against a plan of Royal St. George's College (an established school very close to Jacobs' long- time residence in Toronto’s Annex district) to reconfigure its facilities. Jacobs suggested not only that the redesign be stopped but also the school be forced from the neighborhood entirely. Jacobs has been called .

Upon her death her family's statement noted: What's important is not that she died but that she lived, and that her life's work has greatly influenced the way we think. Please remember her by reading her books and implementing her ideas.? You were the one who stood up to the federal bulldozers and the urban renewal people and said they were destroying the lifeblood of these cities.

Is that what it will be? Jacobs: No. If I were to be remembered as a really important thinker of the century, the most important thing I've contributed is my discussion of what makes economic expansion happen. This is something that has puzzled people always. I think I've figured out what it is. Expansion and development are two different things.

Development is differentiation of what already existed. Practically every new thing that happens is a differentiation of a previous thing, from a new shoe sole to changes in legal codes.

Expansion is an actual growth in size or volume of activity. That is a different thing. I've gone at it two different ways.

Way back when I wrote The Economy of Cities, I wrote about import replacing and how that expands, not just the economy of the place where it occurs, but economic life altogether. As a city replaces imports, it shifts its imports. It doesn't import less.

And yet it has everything it had before. Reason: It's not a zero- sum game.

It's a bigger, growing pie. Jacobs: That's the actual mechanism of it. The theory of it is what I explain in The Nature of Economies.

I equate it to what happens with biomass, the sum total of all flora and fauna in an area. The energy, the material that's involved in this, doesn't just escape the community as an export. It continues being used in a community, just as in a rainforest the waste from certain organisms and various plants and animals gets used by other ones in the place. Her observations about the ways in which cities function revolutionized the urban planning profession and discredited many accepted planning models that dominated mid- century planning. The concept had a huge influence on planners and architects such as Oscar Newman, who operationalized the idea through a series of studies that would culminate in his defensible space theory.

Good Stuff NWThis series looks at how one small processor, Marks Meats in Canby, is transitioning from the founding owner- operators to a new generation of ownership under the name Revel Meat Company. This post was developed in collaboration with Old Salt Marketplace, a supporter of Good Stuff NW.

Floyd Marks opened Marks Meats on South Mulino Road in Canby, Oregon, in 1. His daughter, Kris, who was a very young child at the time, still remembers the opening party in the brand new slaughterhouse. The band was set up on a platform over the drain where the animals were hung to bleed out, with the dance floor in the middle of the room. Originally solely a slaughterhouse, Floyd designed the compact footprint of the facility to maximize efficiency and, as the business expanded, to accommodate an on- site processing facility to make sausages, bacon and smoked meats. Floyd and Martha Marks (c. In the mid- 1. 97.

Kris and her sister Judy were asked to step in, Judy working with the animals on the kill floor and Kris managing the new processing side. By this time Kris had married her husband, Joe Akin, and they were the parents of two young children. As a teenager, Joe had applied for a job at the plant and, like Jimmy Serlin would many years later, he found his calling working there. When their father was ready to retire, the business was turned over to Judy and Kris.

When I expressed surprise that a slaughterhouse might be run by two young women, she reminded me that in many old farm families it was not unusual for the women to do the butchering.* * *Dealing with the animals that you raiseand the vegetables that you raise andprocessing them all the way through,it wasn't something foreign to us.* * *. The grant allowed the business to slaughter and butcher animals, and involved a difficult and costly approval process, one that guarantees that procedures are in place to ensure that the meat it sells is safe and inspected before, during and after slaughter. Processing room at Marks Meats (c. While he did the stunning—essentially rendering the animals brain- dead—at the height of their production they managed a schedule that rotated through 3.

Approaching retirement age, they both knew that this kind of heavy production schedule was unsustainable, so Kris began to put the word out that Marks was looking for a buyer. An attractive prospect, the business drew several inquiries because of its up- to- date plant and that all- important grant of inspection, not to mention its accessibility to both area farms and a Portland customer base. But none had quite the right combination of factors required for a transition of ownership that would take several years to complete.

Enter Jimmy and the young crew of food revolutionaries from Let Um Eat who had bought a farm down the road and, driving by one day, saw a sign outside advertising a sale on steaks. The young people were just customers at first, but the sudden departure of an employee left Kris short- handed, so she asked if they knew of anyone who might be be interested in helping out. He was on the kill floor, doing skinning and pushing and pulling and different movements that you don’t normally do.

We’d been doing this for a long time and physically we needed to have younger people do it in order to keep the business running.? At that point, as far as he was concerned, the decision was made. He approached Ben Meyer, who was already working with local ranchers and farmers on a whole animal program for his Portland restaurants Old Salt Marketplace and Grain & Gristle. Bringing butchery, merchandising, retailing and processing expertise, Meyer was the perfect fit. To complete the team, Meyer brought in cattle rancher Ryan Ramage of Ramage Farm in Oregon City. Meyer had already identified that it was critical to keep Oregon's surviving small processors alive, as well as the need to add more. Crucial to this was figuring out the stumbling blocks faced by existing processors, which had been steadily closing since the '7.

So when Jimmy presented him with the opportunity to buy Marks, he recalled, . Also involved were endless conversations about how to transition to new owners from a second generation, family- owned and run business. Marks Meats (c. If you’re going into this business from an apprenticeship level up to a journeyman, it can take up to ten years. Being the shrewd businesswoman she is, the key to a successful transition, Kris said, is that . In the past, she said, .

Check back soon for the last post in the series, focusing on the future of small processors with an interview with Revel Meat co- owner Ben Meyer. Photos courtesy Kris Akin.